ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My sincere appreciation is extended to Dr David Williams (Natural History Museum, London) for his interest and encouragement, to Lisa DeCesare (Botany Libraries, Harvard University) for her knowledgeable dexterity with old books and modern tools, to Dr Michaela Schmull (Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University) for her help with Kützing's German, and, en particulier au Dr Julie Schappler (Université de Genève) et sa famille (Cranes-Salles, Haute-Savoie) pour m'avoir donné l'occasion de visiter et d'apprécier les Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève.

CITATION of this work Creative Commons License

Edgar, Robert K. 2013. Diatoms: cleft confervas, or carved at the joints. Published at http://www.diatom.org/marginalia/1_Diatomes/dFS1.htm. Accessed <date>.

SELECTED REFERENCES & NOTES

References are arranged by article section and are generally only cited once -- in the section to which they contributed most heavily -- although many found application more broadly.

1 - Introduction

  • Armbrust, E. Virginia. 2009. The life of diatoms in the world's ocean. Nature 459:185-192.
  • Wikipedia. Entry for "diatom", accessed periodically 2008-2013, last accessed 19 January 2013; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom.
  • Note 1. The Wikipedia page on "diatom" was revised in January of 2010 to replace the transliterated Latin representation of the name (shown in this article's Introduction) with a link to the name using the Greek alphabet. The idea that diatoms were "...bilaterally symmetrical, hence the group name" became awkwardly separated from the etymology, but the claim (in my bold) remains nevertheless.

    Also, interestingly in the Wikipedia entry beginning in January 2013. diatom cells [frustules] which had theretofore been ""asymmetrical" mutated to "... usually almost bilaterally symmetrical .... the symmetry is not perfect ... [because of a small size difference]". Whoa! There are plenty of good reasons to think "perfect symmetry" is not attained for reasons other than simply size -- one being that the opposing valves were built at different times and likely under different environmental conditions; their difference would thus reflect a plasticity in genome expression. However, the Wikipedia comments on diatom symmetry do emphasize the reference plane for the symmetry being discussed is the plane between the valves, the plane of the apparent "cut".

2 - Flore française

  • Burkhardt, Richard W., Jr. 1977. The spirit of system: Lamarck and evolutionary biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Corsi, Pietro. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: works and heritage. http://www.lamarck.cnrs.fr/index.php?lang=en
  • Dayrat, Benoit. 2003. Les botanistes et le flore de France: trois siècles de découvertes. Paris: Publications Scientifique du Muséum national d'Histoire.
  • Ebach, Malte C. & Daniel F. Goujet. 2006. The first biogeographical map. Journal of Biogeography 33:761-769.
  • Lamarck, Jean Baptiste. 1878 (1879). Flore françoise: ou descriptions succinte [sic] de toutes les plantes qui crossient naturellement en France, disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse et à laquelle on a joint la citation de leurs vertus les moins équivoques en médecine et de leur utilité dans les arts. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. [Ed. 1] 3 vols. Ed. 2. 1793(1795). [The difference in the spellings of françoise and française in the different editions of the Flore is not an error in transcription.]
  • Lamarck, Jean Baptiste & Augustin Pyrame de Candolle. 1805-1815. Flore française: ou descriptions succintes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France, disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse et précédées par une exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique. Paris: Agasse. Ed. 3. 6 vols. [The difference in the spellings of françoise and française in the different editions of the Flore is not an error in transcription.]
  • Mayr, Ernst, 1982. The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution and inheritance. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
  • Packard, Alpheus S. 1901. Lamarck: the founder of evolution: his life and his work. London: Longmans, Green.
  • Sachs, Julius von. 1906. History of botany (1530-1860). Authorized translation by Henry E. F. Garnsey & Isaac Bayley Balfour. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Note 2. I thank David Williams of the Natural History Museum (London) for adding to the recalled events of 1778. Sachs (1906) indicated that Candolle "sprang from a Provençal family, which had fled from religous persecution in Geneva, ....", p. 126 footnote.

3 - Candolle's Diatoma

  • Dillwyn, Lewis Weston. 1809. British Confervae; colored figures and descriptions of the British Plants referred by botanists to the genus Conferva. London: W. Phillips.
  • Roth, Albrecht Wilhelm, 1797-1806. Catalecta botanica : quibus plantae novae et minus cognitae descriuntur atque illustratur ab Alberto Guilielmo Roth. [Botanical gatherings: in which new and lesser known plants are described and illustrated by Alberto Guilielmo Roth.] Lipsiae [Leipzig]: I. G. Müller.

    Note 3. By 1802 Candolle was extremely familiar with the genus Conferva as he had mediated a dispute at the request of the Société Philomathique de Paris between Justin Girod-Chantrans and Jean-Pierre Vaucher over whether Conferva was an animal (Girod-Chantrans) or a plant (Vaucher).

4 - Path to Diatoma

  • Lamarck, Jean Baptiste & Augustin Pyrame de Candolle. 1805-1815. Flore française: ou description succintes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France, disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse et précédées par une exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique. Paris: Agasse. Ed. 3. 6 vols. [The difference in the spellings of françoise and française in the different editions of the Flore is not an error in transcription.]

5 - Lyngbye's interpretation

  • Karsten, George. 1928. Bacillariophyta (Diatomeae), pp. 105-303, figs. 94-424. In Engler, A. Die natürlichen Pflazenfamilien nebst ihren Gattugen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflazen .... [The natural families of plants including their genera and their major species, especially the crops ....] Leipzig: Wilhelm Englemann.
  • Linnaeus; Philosophia Botanica [1751 editiion]. 2003. Translated by Stephen Freer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lynbgbye, Hans Christian. 1819. Tentamen Hydrophytologiae Danicae continens omnia hydrophyta cryptogama Daniaem, Holsatiae, Faeroae, Insulae, Groenlandiae hucusqve cognita, systematice disposita, descripta et iconibus illustrata adjectis simul speciebus norvegicus. [An attempted study of the aquatic plants of Denmark containing all cryptogamous aquatic plants of Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Greenland hitherto known, systematically arranged, described and illustrated with the addition of illustrations of Norwegian species.] Hafniae [Copenhagen]: In Commissis Libraraie Gyldendaliae.
  • Smith, William. 1856. Synopsis of British Diatomacae. Volume 2. London: John Van Voorst.

6 - Diatoms as silceous and two-shelled cells

  • Bradbury, Saville. 1968. The microscope: past and present. Oxford: Pergammon Press.
  • Coleman, William. 1977. Biology in the nineteenth century: problems of form, function and transformation. Chapter II, Form: Cell Theory, pp. 16-34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried. 1834. Phosphorsaurer Kalk in den Zähnen, und Kieselerde in dem Panzer von Infusoiren. [Phosphate of lime in teeth, and silica in the armor of the infusoria.] Annalen der Physik und Chemie 32:574-576.
  • Hooke, Robert. 1665. Micrographia, or, some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made with magnifying glasses .... London: Jo. Martyn & Ja. Allestry.
  • Kützing, Friedrich T. 1833. Synopsis Diatomearum oder Versuch einer systematischen Zusammenstellung der Diatomeen. [Synopsis of the diatoms, or an attempt at a systematic classification of the diatoms.] Linnaea 8:529-620, pls. 13-19.
  • Kützing, Friedrich T. 1844. Die kieselschaligen Bacillarien oder Diatomeen. [The silica-shelled bacillaria or biatoms.] Nordhausen: F. Förstermann.
  • Nägli, Karl Wilhelm von. 1849. Gattungen einzelliger Algen: physiologisch und systematisch bearbeitet. [The genera of unicellular algae: physiologically and systematically compiled.] Zürich : Friedrich Schulthess.
  • Mayr, Ernst. 1982. The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution and inheritance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
  • Morton, A. G. 1981. History of botanical science: an account of the development of botany from ancient times to the present day. London: Academic Press.
  • Sachs, Julius von. 1906. History of botany (1530-1860). Authorized translation by Henry E. F. Garnsey & Isaac Bayley Balfour. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Schledien, Matthais Jacob. 1838. Beiträge zur Phytogenesis. [Contributions to phytogenesis.] London. Reprinted from Müller’s Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1838, pp. 137-176, pls. 3-4.
  • Schwann, Theodor. 1839. Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Ubereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen. Berlin : Verlag der Sander’schen Buchhandlung (G. E. Reimer). Translation: Microscopical researches into the accordance in the structure and growth of animals and plants. Translated from the German of Dr. Th. Schwann by Henry Smith. Published : London, Sydenham Society, 1847.
  • Turner, William. 1890. The cell theory, past and present. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 24(2):253-287.
  • Note 4. The "flat faces of Nitzsch" refers to the description of the girdle view of the diatom cell walll by Christian Ludwig Nitzsch, Professor at Halle, in his Beiträge zur Infusorienkunde oder Naturbeschreibung der Zerkarien und Bacillarien (1819), p. 71.

7 - Mineralogy, cleavage and Haüy

  • Agardh, Carl Adolph. 1817. Synopsis algarum Scandinaviae : adjecta dispositione universali algarum. [Synopsis of Scandinavian algae: with a general arrangement of the algae.] Lundae : Ex officina Berlingiana.
  • Black, George F. 1918. An outline of the life of René-Just Haüy. American Mineralogist 3:90-91.
  • Bonnemaison,Théophile. 1822. D'une classification des hydrophytes loculées, ou plantes marines, articulées qui croissant en France. Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire naturelle 94:138-148, 174-203.
  • Burke, John G. 2008. "Mohs, Friedrich." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. (Accessed January 10, 2013). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830903006.html.
  • Candolle, Alphone de. 1862. Mémoires et souvenirs de Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle. Genève: Cherbuliez.
  • Dana, James Dwight. 1837. A system of mineralogy: including an extended treatise on crystallography: with an appendix, containing the application of mathematics to crystallographic investigation, and a mineralogical bibliography. New Haven: Durrie & Peck and Herrick & Noyes.
  • Dana, James Dwight. 1844. A system of mineralogy, comprising the most recent discoveries. With numerous wood cuts and four copper plates. 2d ed. New York, London: Wiley & Putnam.
  • Emmons, Ebeneezer. 1832. Manual of Mineralogy and Geology. 2d ed. Albany: Webster and Skinners.
  • Gray, Asa. 1889. Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle, pp. 289-309. In Gray, Asa & Charles Sprague Sargeant. Scientific papers of Asa Gray: Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Haüy, René-Just. 1795. Observations sur le cinquième chapitre de la Géographie-physique de Torbern Bergmann, inséré dans les Nos. XV et XVI de ce Journal. Journal des Mines, no. 21: 21-32.
  • Haüy, René-Just. 1801-1805. Traité de minéralogie. 5 vols. Paris: Publié par le Conseil des mines.
  • Kunz, George F. 1918. The life and work of Haüy. American Mineralogist 3:60-89.
  • Mohs, Friedrich. 1820. Die Charaktere der Klassen, Ordnungen, Geschlecter, und Arten der naturhistorischen Mineral-Systems. Dresden: Arnold. Translated as The Characters of the Classes, Orders, Genera, and Species, or the Characteristics of the Natural History System of Mineralogy. Edinburgh: Tait & Co.
  • Ragan, M. A. 2009 Trees and networks before and after Darwin. Biology Direct 4:43.
  • Stevens, Peter F. 1984. Haüy and A.-P. Candolle: crystallography, botanical systematics and comparative morphology, 1780-1840. Journal of the History of Biology 17:49-82.
  • Villars, Dominique. 1807. Catalogue méthodique des plantes du jardin de l'École de Médicine de Strasbourg. Impr. F. G. Levrault.
  • Whewell, William. 1847. History of the inductive sciences from the earliest to the present. Volume 2. London: John W. Parker.
  • Whitlock, H. P. 1918. R.-J. Haüy and his influence. American Mineralogist 2:92-95.

8 - Loureiro's Diatoma

  • Candaux, Jean-Daniel & Jean-Marx Drouin avec le concours de Patrick Bungener et René Sigris, éditeurs. 2003. Mémoires et souvenirs [de] Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, 1778-1841. Genève : Georg.
  • Candolle, Augustin Pyrame de. 1828. Mémoire sur la famille des Combrétacées. Memoirs de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de Genève [1827]:1-42, 5 pls.
  • Kitton, Frederick. 1880. Première histoire des Diatomacées (1). Journal de Micrographie 4:204-207. [From Science Gossip]
  • Lamarck, J. B., & J. L. M Poiret. 1811. Botanique. In Encyclopédie méthodique: ou par ordre de matière;: par une société des gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes .... Supplement, Tome 2.
  • Louriero, Juan de. 1790. Flora de Cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes, quibus accedunt aliae observatae in Sinensi imperio, Africa Orientali, Indiaeque locis variis, omnes dispositae secundum systema sexuale Linnaeanum. Labore: Published by Typis, et expensis Academicis.
  • Merrill, Elmer Drew. 1935. A commentary of Loureiro's "Flora Cochinchinensis". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 24(2):1-445.
  • Nelson, J. E. 1919. A little-known botanist. The American Botanist 25:129-133. [A note on Juan de Loureiro]

9 - Diatoms: carved at the joints

  • Bowler, Peter J. 1982. Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Candolle, Augustin Pyrame. 1802. Rapport sur les conférves fait à la Société Philomatique. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, et d'Histoire naturelle 54:421-443.
  • Christensen, T. 1991. [Review of] The diatoms: biology and morphology of the genera. Phycologia 30(2): 233-235.
  • Lovejoy, Arthur O. 1936. The great chain of being: a study of the history of an idea. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Henry George Liddell & Robert Scott. 1875. A Greek-English Lexicon. 6th ed., revised and augmented. Also http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=diate/mnw. (Accessed 14 January 2013.)
  • Nakhnikian, George. 1971. Eclectic definitions, pp. 125-157. In Vlastos, Gregory, ed. The philosophy of Socrates: a collection of critical essays. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
  • Pasteur, George. 1958. The proper spelling of taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 25(2):192-193.
  • Plato. Phaedrus. http://www.oxfordtutorials.com/Plato%20Phaedrus.htm.
  • Rive, August P. de la. 1851. A.-P. de Candolle: Sa Vie et Ses Travaux. Paris: Gustav Gratoit.
  • Stevens, Peter F. 1994. The development of biological systematics: Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, nature, and the natural system. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Winsor, Mary P. 2003. Non-essentialist methods in pre-Darwinian taxonomy. Biology and Philosophy 18:387-400.

10 - Coda

  • Gould, Stephen Jay & Richard C. Lewontin. 1979. The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptionist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Section B, 205:581-598.
<-- 10 - Carved at the joints
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